Evaluation of Eye & Head Movement for Dyslexia
After Sensory Integration Training
Shin-Siung Jung1*, Huei-Len Yang1, Hsu-Min Wu1, Sih-Cheh Wu1 , Tau-Mei Hong1,
Eng-Pon Chang2
1Springtide Foundation of Taipei City, 2Hsin-Fu Elementary School of Taipei
City
PURPOSE: It has been mentioned by Ayres, Mutii, Frank, and Levinson
METHOD: while pupils' eyeballs watch and track a pencil head in front
RESULT: Mean scores of eye and head movement in gift class is 4.04
CONCLUSION: Intensive Sensory Integration training can improve
that instability of eyes, neck , and head is the main causes of dysmetria and
reading disability. During the past 15 years, We use intensive Sensory
Integration Therapy in the schools and private institute and found great
improvement in hyperactivity, book copy and reading ability in dyslexia
disability and emotional difficulty. This study is to design a method for
observation and recording of eye and head movement for assessment of efficacy
of Sensory Integration(SI) training to resource room dyslexia.
of eyes, observation of weighted 19 items are made, i.e. overshooting and
undershooting, having quick movement or slow movement only, convergence and
divergence ability, eye drifting to and fro, and whole body restlessness.
Three examiners make 10 exercises about observation and recording first in the
institute to master in examination technique, then go to schools to examine
different kind of pupils. Pupils includes gift class, average class, dyslexia
class, and class of mental deficiency, with total number of 535. Mean and
standard deviation are calculated, and reliability and validity are studied.
Experimental group consists of 39 dyslexia from two resource room pupils
receiving both intensive SI training for 8 months and special education for
two semesters. Control group consists of 35 dyslexia from another two resource
room pupils, receiving only special education. Pre-test and post-test was done
for efficacy evaluation to intensive SI training. We use MANOVA with two
factors mixed design as statistic analysis.
(lowest scores, representing most stable for reading and writing), average
class 8.24, dyslexia 12.49 (slight unstable), and mental deficiency 16.06
(highest scores, representing most difficulty for reading and writing). Score
difference between different classes reaches significant level 0.05 to each
other. Three examiner do not shows statistic significant difference. There are
satisfactory degree of reliability and validity.
The test scores before SI training do not show overt difference
between two groups. Middle and post-tests showed significant difference
between two group. Mean scores of pre-test in experimental group is 13.563,
post-test 6.781, improving up to the range of average class. Experimental
group also gets significant improvement in 4 Chinese text material tests,
social and hyperactivity scores (see another reports).
dyslexia with jerking eye movement, eye convergence and fatigability, eye
drifting and hyperactivity, and jumping reading and copy, up to significant
level..
SCORING SHEET FOR EYE AND HEAD MOVEMENT
in MD, LD, emotinal difficulty, average pupil, and gift
School___________ Name_____________, _____Grade____Class No:______________
21.(1)Average students¡¼ (2)Others, please describe¡¼_____________________
Observation Clinical significence
Eye tracking: Weighted scores Gain
1.Stable Horizontal movement 0 ___ Like to read detail
2.Horiz. sl.over & under-shooting 1 ___ Normal,good grade some
3.Seve.Horiz.Shoot.,Irreg jerking 2 ___ Horiz jumping reading
4.Stable vertical movement 0 ___ Read detail in Chinese
5.Verti. sl.over & under-shooting 1 ___ Normal,good grade some
6.Seve.Verti.Shoot.,Irreg jerking 2 ___ Verti Jumping,rough read
7.Only slow component,no quick one 3 ___ difficult in reading
8.Ball in midline, sl or no move. 3 ___ sev diff read, incoodinaion
9.Sl. eye sight to and fro(a few) 2 ___ restless,homework difficul
10.Seve. eye sight to and fro(frq) 3 ___ sev restless. sev home diff
Head,body,limbs coorinated with eye
11.Head move. against advice 1 ___ diff in vestibular coordin
12.Whole body restlessness 2 ___ present w eye drift to & fro
13.Slow convergency,easy fatigue 2 ___ diff read, coppy difficulty
14.No convergency, eye fatigable 3 ___ dislike read, stiff eye muscle
15.Slow hand copy from board,books 3 ___ converg diff, jump read,copy
16.Jump read, (may rough reading) 2 ___ overshoot, eye drifting
17.No reading,No TV,immed run away 3 ___ occipital visual center diff
18.Pendular and lat nystagmus 1 ___ sl related to dyslexia
19.Inner or outer strabismus� 1 ___ CNS poor organaz,less related
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
20.TOTAL SCORES(Calculate only gain items) ___
----------------------------------------------
Tab 1 Mean Scores of Eye Movement Examination
=====================================================
Diff group Testing Exed
Pre-test Post-test No.
-----------------------------------------------------
Experi group 13.563 6.781 32
Control group 14.807 10.680 25
-----------------------------------------------------
Total 13.807 8.491 57
=====================================================
Tab 2
SUMMARY OF MANOVA OF TWO FACTORS MIXED DESIGN IN EYE MOVEMENT SCORES
IN DOUBLE-CONTROL CLINICAL TRIALS OF SI* THERAPY EFFECT TO DYSLEXIA
=====================================================================
Source of Variation SS DF MS F Sig of F
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Group(Exp) SSa 139.36 1 139.36 2.69 .107
Test (B21) SSb 733.15 1 733.15 59.93** .000
Interaction SSab
(Exp By B21) 78.34 1 78.34 6.40** .014
Within cells SSs/a 2848.61 55 51.79
Within cells SSbs/a 672.81 55 12.23
=====================================================================
** P < .05 *SI Sensory Integration Therapy
Tab 3
SUMMARY OF ANOVA OF SIMPLE MAIN EFFECT IN EYE MOVEMENT SCORES
IN DOUBLE-CONTROL CLINICAL TRIALS OF SI* THERAPY EFFECT TO DYSLEXIA
=======================================================================
Source of Variation SS DF MS F Sig of F
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Group(Exp) SSa
In pre test (B21a) 4.3622 1 4.3622 .1208ns .7295
In post test(B21b) 213.3369 1 213.3369 7.6444** .0077
Test(B21) SSb
In experi gr(Exp1) 735.77 1 735.77 46.38** .000
In contro gr(Exp2) 147.92 1 147.92 19.61** .000
=======================================================================
** P < .05 *SI Sensory Integration Therapy
---------------------------------------------------
Table 4 MEAN SCORES OF EYE AND HEAD MOVMENT EXAMINATION
==============================================================================
Pupil nature Tchr 1 tchr 2 tchr 3 Means(1) Means(2)
===========================================================================
Gift pupils .00 3.92 4.00 3.96¡Ó1.52 4.04¡Ó1.49
(Exed No) (0) (12) (12) (24) (23)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average pupils 7.28 5.97 6.34 6.47¡Ó3.33 8.24¡Ó4.55
(Exed No) (60) (86) (41) (187) (45)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dyslexia pupils 9.84 9.72 8.96 9.50¡Ó4.14 12.49¡Ó5.52
(Exed No) (92) (92) (92) (276) (275)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MD pupils 12.00 12.00 11.44 11.81¡Ó3.58 16.06¡Ó4.40
(Exed No) (16) (16) (16) (48) (48)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Total average) 9.13 7.99 8.17 8.40¡Ó4.22 11.95¡Ó5.81
(168) (206) (161) (535) (391)
==============================================================================
Means(1):Mean and std, not including items of 15,16,17, that is
No information about "copy difficulty,jump reading, watch no TV"¡C
Means(2):Mean abd std of all 19 items¡C
-------------------------------------------------
Validity:Constructual validity---difference between nature of 4 classes
and three teachers
Tab 5 SUMMARY OF ANOVA OF EYE MOVEMENT SCORES
============================================================================
Source of Variation (SS) (DF) (MS) F value Signif
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Main effect 2132.172 5 426.434 30.542* .000
Stdnt(gift, avg, LD, MD) SSb 999.146 3 666.382 47.728* .000
Test tchr(3 tchr) SSa 67.429 2 33.715 2.415 .090
Interaction(stdnt X tchr) SSab 40.241 5 8.048 .576 .718
Within cells and residual SSs/ab 7316.185 524 13.962
Total 9488.598 534 17.769
============================================================================
* P<.05
Tab 5(1) Duncan Procedure Tab 5(2) Tukey-HSD Procedure
========================== ============================
Mean Student 1 2 3 4 Mean Student 1 2 3 4
-------------------------- ----------------------------
3.9583 Gift 1 3.9583 Gift 1
6.4706 Avrg 2 * 6.4706 Avrg 2 *
9.5036 LD 3 * * 9.5036 LD 3 * *
11.8125 MD 4 * * * 11.8125 MD 4 * * *
========================== ============================
* P<0.05 * P<0.05